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| [[File:Tomato laboratory research.jpg|right|200px]] | | <div class="nonumtoc">__TOC__</div> |
| '''Title''': ''What is the importance of a food and beverage testing laboratory to society?''
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| | | text = This is sublevel5 of my sandbox, where I play with features and test MediaWiki code. If you wish to leave a comment for me, please see [[User_talk:Shawndouglas|my discussion page]] instead.<p></p> |
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| '''Author for citation''': Shawn E. Douglas
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| '''License for content''': [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International]
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| '''Publication date''': August 2022
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| ==Introduction== | |
| Humanity's focus on food and water security remains one of its most important tasks in the twenty-first century,<ref name="NizaRibieroFood22">{{Citation |last=Niza-Ribeiro |first=João |date=2022 |title=Food and water security and safety for an ever-expanding human population |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128227947000034 |work=One Health |language=en |publisher=Elsevier |pages=155–204 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-822794-7.00003-4 |isbn=978-0-12-822794-7 |accessdate=2022-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=Sera L |last2=Frongillo |first2=Edward A |last3=Jamaluddine |first3=Zeina |last4=Melgar-Quiñonez |first4=Hugo |last5=Pérez-Escamilla |first5=Rafael |last6=Ringler |first6=Claudia |last7=Rosinger |first7=Asher Y |date=2021-07-30 |title=Perspective: The Importance of Water Security for Ensuring Food Security, Good Nutrition, and Well-being |url=https://academic.oup.com/advances/article/12/4/1058/6144691 |journal=Advances in Nutrition |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=1058–1073 |doi=10.1093/advances/nmab003 |issn=2161-8313 |pmc=PMC8321834 |pmid=33601407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hameed |first=Maysoun |last2=Moradkhani |first2=Hamid |last3=Ahmadalipour |first3=Ali |last4=Moftakhari |first4=Hamed |last5=Abbaszadeh |first5=Peyman |last6=Alipour |first6=Atieh |date=2019-04-02 |title=A Review of the 21st Century Challenges in the Food-Energy-Water Security in the Middle East |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/4/682 |journal=Water |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=682 |doi=10.3390/w11040682 |issn=2073-4441}}</ref> particularly in the face of growing concerns about the negative ramifications of climate change.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Molotoks |first=Amy |last2=Smith |first2=Pete |last3=Dawson |first3=Terence P. |date=2021-02 |title=Impacts of land use, population, and climate change on global food security |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fes3.261 |journal=Food and Energy Security |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/fes3.261 |issn=2048-3694}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Din |first=Muhammad Sami Ul |last2=Mubeen |first2=Muhammad |last3=Hussain |first3=Sajjad |last4=Ahmad |first4=Ashfaq |last5=Hussain |first5=Nazim |last6=Ali |first6=Muhammad Anjum |last7=El Sabagh |first7=Ayman |last8=Elsabagh |first8=Mabrouk |last9=Shah |first9=Ghulam Mustafa |date=2022 |editor-last=Jatoi |editor-first=Wajid Nasim |editor2-last=Mubeen |editor2-first=Muhammad |editor3-last=Ahmad |editor3-first=Ashfaq |editor4-last=Cheema |editor4-first=Mumtaz Akhtar |editor5-last=Lin |editor5-first=Zhaohui |title=World Nations Priorities on Climate Change and Food Security |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-79408-8_22 |work=Building Climate Resilience in Agriculture |language=en |publisher=Springer International Publishing |place=Cham |pages=365–384 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-79408-8_22 |isbn=978-3-030-79407-1 |accessdate=2022-08-10}}</ref> Without a continued focus on food and water security—including all the quality and safety assurances that come with it—many elements of the world population face a grim reality of insufficient food, limited access to clean water, and malnutrition.<ref name="NizaRibieroFood22" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Joshua D |last2=Workman |first2=Cassandra L |last3=Panchang |first3=Sarita V |last4=Sneegas |first4=Gretchen |last5=Adams |first5=Ellis A |last6=Young |first6=Sera L |last7=Thompson |first7=Amanda L |date=2021-12-01 |title=Water Security and Nutrition: Current Knowledge and Research Opportunities |url=https://academic.oup.com/advances/article/12/6/2525/6322255 |journal=Advances in Nutrition |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=2525–2539 |doi=10.1093/advances/nmab075 |issn=2161-8313 |pmc=PMC8634318 |pmid=34265039}}</ref>
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| In contrast to these stark realities (which are just as much about agricultural practices, societal and governmental practices, public health practices, and human approaches to climate change), much has admittedly improved in the way we ensure food and beverage security and safety, at least compared to times prior to the twentieth century. In fact, the laboratory and the science practiced in it have arguably played a significant role in better ensuring safe, quality food and beverages in our lives. However, the laboratory is only one part of an otherwise "complex adaptive system of governance"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lytton |first=Timothy D. |date=2019 |chapter=An Introduction to the Food Safety System |title=Outbreak: Foodborne Illness and the Struggle for Food Safety |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |place=Chicago ; London |pages=1-23 |isbn=978-0-226-61154-9}}</ref> that is food safety, which in turn is only one part of a larger system dedicated to food and water security.
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| This brief topical article will examine how modern society benefits from a food and beverage testing laboratory. It will turn to history, statistical data, and description of the roles such labs play, demonstrating their overall value.
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| ==History of laboratories in food and beverage testing==
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| Food, Hygiene, and the Laboratory. A Short History of Food Poisoning in Britain, circa 1850–1950<span> </span>: https://academic.oup.com/shm/article-abstract/12/2/293/1649538
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| Feeding the World Today and Tomorrow: The Importance of Food Science and Technology: https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00127.x
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| Milk certification and lab testing in late nineteenth century: https://books.google.com/books?id=aeGMDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover
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| FDA Food Safety Modernization Act
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| Food Safety 93 to current: https://books.google.com/books?id=LO7eDwAAQBAJ
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| Minor bits of history, plus food preservation: https://books.google.com/books?id=G2QL_dyS5YAC&pg=PA25
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| Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) Pillsbury, NASA, 1950s; International food safety: https://books.google.com/books?id=D00xd8qNUvYC&pg=PA1
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| Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA): https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/10/food-labs-integral-to-changing-world-of-food-safety/
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| AND don't forget LAAF: https://www.limswiki.org/index.php/LII:FDA_Food_Safety_Modernization_Act_Final_Rule_on_Laboratory_Accreditation_for_Analyses_of_Foods:_Considerations_for_Labs_and_Informatics_Vendors
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| ==Related statistics==
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| Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States - "All told, contaminated food causes 48 million illnesses, 128,000 hospitalizations, and 3,000 deaths each year in the United States."<span> </span>: https://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/index.html
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| Laboratory utilization statistics (2013): https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/10/food-labs-integral-to-changing-world-of-food-safety/
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| ==The roles a laboratory may have in the food and beverage industry==
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| Laboratories directly and tangentially related to the food and beverage industry play a number of roles, depending on where they're situated. These roles prove to be important in the greater scheme of industry activities, in turn providing a number of benefits to society. As gleaned from prior discussion, as well as other sources, these laboratory roles can be broadly broken into three categories: research and development (R&D), pre-manufacturing and manufacturing, and regulatory and security.
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| ===R&D roles===
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| The laboratory participating in these roles is performing one or more tasks that relate to the development or improvement of a food, beverage, additive, or spice. This often leads to a commercial formulation, which has the "necessary details required to scale and produce your [food or beverage] in a consistent, efficient, and safe manner."<ref name="BSCommForm">{{cite web |url=https://www.bevsource.com/news/why-you-need-commercial-formula |title=Why You Need A Commercial Formula |publisher=BevSource |date=13 August 2022}}</ref> Even packaging solutions are targets for R&D labs in the food and beverage industry.<ref name="GudeSol19">{{cite book |chapter=Solutions Commonly Applied in Industry and Outsourced to Expert Laboratories |title=Food Contact Materials Analysis: Mass Spectrometry Techniques |author=Gude, T. |editor=Suman, M. |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |doi=10.1039/9781788012973-00245 |isbn=9781788017190 |year=2019}}</ref>
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| The R&D lab is typically placed outside the manufacturing context proper, but not necessarily always. Some manufacturing companies may have an entire research complex dedicated to creating and improving some aspect of their products.<ref name="MonBreak16">{{cite web |url=https://ir.mondelezinternational.com/news-releases/news-release-details/mondelez-international-breaks-ground-new-research-development |title=Mondelez International Breaks Ground for New Research & Development Center in Poland |publisher=Mondelez International |date=08 June 2016 |accessdate=13 August 2022}}</ref> Other companies may take their R&D to a third-party lab dedicated to conducting development and formulation activities for manufacturers.<ref name="BSCommForm" /><ref name="GudeSol19" /> Food and beverage research activities aren't confined to manufacturers, however. Some higher education institutions, such as the Hartwick College Center for Craft Food & Beverage, provide research and development opportunities to students engaging in work-study programs, often in partnership with some other commercial enterprise.<ref name="HartFoodBev">{{cite web |url=https://www.hartwick.edu/about-us/center-for-craft-food-and-beverage/ |title=Hartwick College Center for Craft Food & Beverage |publisher=Hartwick College |accessdate=13 August 2022}}</ref>
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| Food and beverage R&D labs may work towards improving packaging, testing a product's shelf life (i.e., stability), conducting flavor or aroma analysis, developing and innovating foodstuffs, reformulating existing products, and researching genetic modifications to ingredients. The end user benefits by having fresher foods that are culinarily pleasing, more nutritious, and safer for consumption.
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| ===Pre-manufacturing and manufacturing roles===
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| The laboratory participating in these roles is performing one or more tasks that relate to the preparative (i.e., pre-manufacturing) or quality control (i.e., manufacturing) tasks of food and beverage production. Preparative work such as caloric and nutritional analysis may happen in a variety of contexts, from inside the R&D lab to in the manufacturing facility's lab itself, if it has one. This work may also be conducted by a third-party lab, or it may even be performed using non-laboratory techniques such as food composition database analysis.<ref name="ESHAHow14">{{cite web |url=https://esha.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/ESHA-Obtaining-Nutritional-Analysis-eBook.pdf |format=PDF |title=How to Obtain a Nutritional Analysis of Your Food Product |publisher=ESHA Research |date=December 2014 |accessdate=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="NohRecent20">{{cite journal |title=Recent Techniques in Nutrient Analysis for Food Composition Database |journal=Molecules |author=Noh, M.F.M.; Gunasegavan, R.D.-N.; Khalid, N.M. et al. |volume=25 |issue=19 |at=4567 |year=2020 |doi=10.3390/molecules25194567 |pmid=33036314 |pmc=PMC7582643}}</ref> However, caloric and nutritional testing—in conjunction with meeting regulatory-driven labeling requirements—still lands firmly in the role of pre-manufacturing activity, definitively after commercial formulation and packing requirements have been finalized but before the formal manufacturing process has begun.<ref name="BSNutTest">{{cite web |url=https://www.bevsource.com/news/what-do-i-need-know-about-nutrition-testing-my-beverage-brand |title=What Do I Need To Know About Nutrition Testing for My Beverage Brand? |publisher=BevSource |date=2020 |date=13 August 2022}}</ref> Allergen testing works in a vaguely similar fashion, though the manufacturer ideally uses a full set of best practices for food allergen management and testing that is confirming allergens (and correct labeling) from ingredient ordering to final production line cleanup (e.g., when a new allergen-free commercial formulation is being made or an unintended contamination has occurred).<ref name="CA80-2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXC%2B80-2020%252FCXC_080e.pdf |format=PDF |title=Code of Practice on Food Allergen Management for Food Business Operators, CXC 80-2020 |work=Codex Alimentarius |date=2020 |accessdate=13 August 2022}}</ref> The end user benefits from these caloric, nutritional, and allergen analysis activities not only through the provision of a more transparent window into what they are consuming, but these laboratory activities also can better ensure end users' attempts at maintaining their own good health.
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| Finally, laboratory testing can also be found along the production chain in the manufacturing facility itself. This type of testing is couched as [[quality control]] testing. This type of testing includes:
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| ===Regulatory and security roles===
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| authenticity and adulteration testing, accreditation testing, supply chain/border testing
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| The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)<span> </span>: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/science-data/laboratories-procedures/fsis-laboratories
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| ==Conclusion==
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| This brief topical article sought to answer "what is the importance of a food and beverage testing laboratory to society?" It notes that in particular,
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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| <!---Place all category tags here-->
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| [[Category:LIMS FAQ articles (added in 2022)]]
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| [[Category:LIMS FAQ articles (all)]]
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| [[Category:LIMS FAQ articles on food and beverage]]
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